Countersign

Does it actually work?

Measured, not claimed.

We ran the same labelled messages through four systems. The first is what most AI scam checkers are: one prompt to a model. We publish every result, including the ones that don't favour us. Where it matters most, on a hold-out set written and committed before any system saw it, Countersign got 17 of 18 right and the single prompt 8 of 18, because most of those scams hide their giveaway in a QR code.

Textbook scams

Classic scam wording (urgency, gift cards, threats), prompt-injection attempts, Spanish-language messages, and everyday genuine mail. 16 scams, 8 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)100% (81%–100%)0% (0%–32%)100% (86%–100%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)38% (18%–61%)0% (0%–32%)58% (39%–76%)5
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)75% (51%–90%)0% (0%–32%)83% (64%–93%)0
Countersign100% (81%–100%)0% (0%–32%)100% (86%–100%)0

Hard set: polished fakes and scary-but-real alerts

Scams with calm, professional wording, where the giveaway is only in the infrastructure (lookalike or disguised domains, mismatched reply addresses), and genuine alerts that look alarming. 8 scams, 6 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–39%)100% (78%–100%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)75% (41%–93%)0% (0%–39%)86% (60%–96%)1
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–39%)100% (78%–100%)0
Countersign100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–39%)100% (78%–100%)0

Adversarial set: scams written to fool AI screeners

Scams carrying fake security-scan reports, fake assistant transcripts, 'training example' framing, and instructions in another language or spaced out, plus genuine messages that talk about AI. 8 scams, 4 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–49%)100% (76%–100%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)88% (53%–98%)0% (0%–49%)92% (65%–99%)1
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–56%)92% (65%–99%)0
Countersign100% (68%–100%)0% (0%–49%)100% (76%–100%)0

Beyond the text: QR codes

Six pairs of messages with identical wording. Only the QR code differs: one points to a lookalike site, the other to the real one. Every system gets the picture; Countersign also decodes the code, as it does for any screenshot. 6 scams, 3 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)50% (19%–81%)100% (44%–100%)25% (9%–53%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)100% (61%–100%)0% (0%–39%)100% (76%–100%)0
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)83% (44%–97%)0% (0%–43%)83% (55%–95%)0
Countersign100% (61%–100%)17% (3%–56%)92% (65%–99%)0

Fresh hold-out: quoting versus attacking

New cases written after run 4's fix: genuine messages that quote injection text as examples, and scams that use it, including one built to slip past the fix. 3 scams, 2 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)100% (44%–100%)0% (0%–66%)83% (44%–97%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)100% (44%–100%)0% (0%–66%)83% (44%–97%)0
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)100% (44%–100%)0% (0%–79%)67% (30%–90%)0
Countersign100% (44%–100%)0% (0%–66%)83% (44%–97%)0

Run-6 hold-out: after the last fixes

Written and committed after the run-5 fixes and before any system saw it: six new QR pairs with other brands, and six new quoting-versus-attacking cases, including scams built to slip past the new rules. 9 scams, 4 genuine messages.

SystemScams stamped forgeryGenuine flagged as forgeryExact verdictScams cleared as genuine
Single LLM prompt (typical entry)56% (27%–81%)25% (5%–70%)44% (25%–66%)0
Deterministic checks only (no AI)100% (70%–100%)11% (2%–44%)94% (74%–99%)0
Countersign v1 (evidence + tactics only)100% (70%–100%)11% (2%–44%)94% (74%–99%)0
Countersign100% (70%–100%)11% (2%–44%)94% (74%–99%)0

Hold-out committed before any system was run on it: commit 61f3639.

Both run-5 sets were committed before any system was run on them: commit 50a4fe9.

These tables are run 6. A final code review on the day of the deadline tightened four scoring rules; we haven't re-run since, so they describe the code at run 6.

Percentages in brackets are 95% confidence intervals (Wilson). With sets this small, a difference of one or two cases is not significant, and we don't treat it as one.

The adversarial set was also committed before any system was run on it: commit 0744fe0.

The hard set was committed before any system was run on it: commit 34e3ba0. “Countersign v1” runs without the two signals added later: identity-claim-plus-request, and the model's overall read.

How we got here

  1. Run 1 (24 textbook cases). A single model prompt got 24/24. Countersign got 20/24: it never cleared a scam, but rated four tactic-only scams (no links or sender to check) as UNVERIFIED rather than FORGERY.
  2. We pre-registered a hard set of 14 polished fakes and scary-but-real alerts, and added one signal: an identity claim combined with a request for money, codes or access. Run 2: single prompt 38/38, Countersign 36/38 with one false alarm (a genuine verification-code text).
  3. Two fixes after run 2, and we say so: a message that gives a code is no longer read as one that asks for it, and the model's overall read now counts as one weighted signal, which code can still outvote.
  4. Run 4: we pre-registered an adversarial set, and lost it. Twelve new cases: eight scams written to persuade an AI screener (fake security-scan reports, a fake assistant transcript, “training example” framing, instructions in Spanish or spaced out), and four genuine messages that talk about AI. Neither system was fooled by any of the eight scams. But Countersign rated two genuine messages that quote injection text (a security newsletter and a GitHub pull request) as UNVERIFIED, so the single prompt won 12/12 to 10/12. That's the cost of treating any text aimed at an AI as suspicious. We published it unchanged (it's kept in eval/history/run-4.json).
  5. Fix, then run 5 on two new pre-registered sets. We changed the injection detector so that quoting an attack as an example (“phrases such as …”) no longer counts as one. Then we tested what a single prompt can't see: six pairs of identical messages whose only difference is a QR code pointing to a lookalike or the real site. The single prompt scored 3/12 and stamped three genuine messages FORGERY; Countersign scored 7/12. On a fresh quoting-versus-attacking set both scored 5/6.
  6. Four more fixes, then run 6 on a hold-out nobody had seen. A brand claim is trusted when every link is on the brand's own domain; a link to a site carrying the claimed brand's name that the brand doesn't own is flagged; a list of quoted examples shares its cue; a fake “Assistant:” line vouching for a message counts as an attack. Run 6's hold-out (18 new cases, committed first): Countersign 17/18, single prompt 8/18. Our one miss was a bug in the new “Assistant:” rule (a quoted example starting with a role label), since fixed; the recorded result stays. The other tables above are run 6 too, but those sets had already shaped our fixes, so only the hold-out is a clean test.
  7. What this means. On plain text, a strong model is as good as we are, and we don't claim otherwise. Countersign wins where a prompt is blind: it reads QR codes, checks domains, email authentication and redirects for real, keeps working without the model, and the AI can't set the verdict on its own. And Family Countersign proves identity in the one case no detector can: a perfect voice clone.
Every case, every system
CaseSetTruthllm-onlyevidence-onlycountersign-v1countersign
paypaleasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
uspseasyscamforgeryunverifiedforgeryforgery
himumeasyscamforgerycountersignedforgeryforgery
githubeasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
crypto-dmeasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
tech-supporteasyscamforgerycountersignedunverifiedforgery
invoice-beceasyscamforgeryunverifiedforgeryforgery
amazon-shippedeasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
irs-smseasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
toll-smseasyscamforgeryunverifiedunverifiedforgery
job-scameasyscamforgerycountersignedunverifiedforgery
romanceeasyscamforgerycountersignedforgeryforgery
bank-otpeasyscamforgerycountersignedunverifiedforgery
dentisteasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
friend-dinnereasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
netflix-realeasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
school-newslettereasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
google-alerteasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
inj-paypaleasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
inj-uspseasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
inj-giftcardeasyscamforgeryunverifiedforgeryforgery
inj-invoiceeasyscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
es-bankeasyscamforgeryunverifiedforgeryforgery
es-legiteasylegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-m365-storagehardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-docusignhardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-netflix-billinghardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-apple-homoglyphhardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-amazon-subdomainhardscamforgerycountersignedforgeryforgery
h-payroll-bechardscamforgeryunverifiedforgeryforgery
h-linkedin-viewshardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-drive-sharehardscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h-chase-fraud-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-google-critical-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-2fa-code-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-paypal-receipt-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-usps-informed-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h-it-password-realhardlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
a-fake-scan-reportadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-training-exampleadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-assistant-transcriptadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-authorized-by-bank-aiadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-spanish-instructionadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-spaced-instructionadversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-padded-newsletteradversarialscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
a-grandparent-ai-noteadversarialscamforgerycountersignedforgeryforgery
a-legit-security-newsletteradversariallegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
a-legit-it-assistantadversariallegitcountersignedcountersignedunverifiedcountersigned
a-legit-github-pradversariallegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
a-legit-family-textadversariallegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
q-authenticatorqrscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
q-authenticator-realqrlegitforgerycountersignedunverifiedforgery
q-docusignqrscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
q-docusign-realqrlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
q-chase-cardqrscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
q-chase-card-realqrlegitforgerycountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
q-uspsqrscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
q-usps-realqrlegitforgerycountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
q-paypal-invoiceqrscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
q-paypal-invoice-realqrlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
q-amazon-returnqrscamunverifiedforgeryunverifiedforgery
q-amazon-return-realqrlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
m-legit-coursementionlegitcountersignedcountersignedunverifiedcountersigned
m-legit-helpdeskmentionlegitunverifiedunverifiedunverifiedunverified
m-legit-blogmentionlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
m-scam-quoted-instructionmentionscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
m-scam-example-evasionmentionscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
m-scam-unquoted-notementionscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-netflix-tvholdoutscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-netflix-tv-realholdoutlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-costco-renewalholdoutscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-costco-renewal-realholdoutlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-spotify-familyholdoutscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-spotify-family-realholdoutlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-dropbox-shareholdoutscamunverifiedforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-dropbox-share-realholdoutlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-linkedin-verifyholdoutscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-linkedin-verify-realholdoutlegitunverifiedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-coinbase-deviceholdoutscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-coinbase-device-realholdoutlegitforgerycountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-legit-awarenessholdoutlegitcountersignedforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-legit-podcastholdoutlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-legit-chatlogholdoutlegitcountersignedcountersignedcountersignedcountersigned
h6-scam-fake-turnholdoutscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-scam-example-list-evasionholdoutscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery
h6-scam-plain-noteholdoutscamforgeryforgeryforgeryforgery

The AI gathers evidence

An agent chooses which real lookups to run: domain registry, DNS, email authentication, lookalike detection and redirect tracing.

Code decides

Every finding has a fixed weight. A noisy-OR model computes the risk. The AI can argue, but it cannot change the verdict band.

Injection-proof by design

Text written to fool AI scanners is detected deterministically and counted as evidence of fraud.

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